Phage Associated Bacteriocins Reveal a Novel Mechanism for Bacteriocin Diversification in Klebsiella |
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Authors: | Milind Chavan Hamid Rafi John Wertz Carla Goldstone Margaret A Riley |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;(2) Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA |
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Abstract: | Ninety-six isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. oxytoca were recovered from wild mammals in Australia. 14.6% of these bacteria produce killing phenotypes that suggest the production of bacteriocin toxins. Cloning and sequencing of the gene clusters encoding two of these killing phenotypes revealed two instances of a bacteriocin associated with a bacteriophage gene, the first such genetic organization described. The newly identified klebicin C gene cluster was discovered in both K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca. The newly identified klebicin D gene cluster was detected in K. oxytoca. Protein sequence comparisons and phylogenetic inference suggest that klebicin C is most closely related to the rRNase group of colicins (such as colicin E4), while klebicin D is most closely related to the tRNase group of colicins (such as colicin D). The klebicin C and D gene clusters have similar genetic and regulatory organizations. In both cases, an operon structure is inferred consisting of a phage-associated open reading frame and klebicin activity and associated immunity genes. This novel bacteriophage/bacteriocin organization may provide a novel mechanism for the generation of bacteriocin diversity in Klebsiella.Reviewing Editor: Prof. David Guttman |
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Keywords: | Klebicin Colicin Diversification Enteric bacteria Klebsiella |
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