Modifications of Trichogramma Behaviors During the Exploitation of Host Patches Induced by the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos |
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Authors: | Jean-Marie Delpuech Lucas Leger |
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Institution: | (1) Universit? de Lyon, CNRS, Universit? Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biom?trie et Biologie Evolutive, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France |
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Abstract: | Parasitoid species are key species because they regulate numerous insect species, including pests. An efficient infestation
of hosts is critical to the development of parasitoid populations. In this article, we investigate the effects of the widely
used insecticide chlorpyrifos on the exploitation of a patch of host by a parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae. We show that chlorpyrifos increased the efficiency of parasitoid females in the infestation of the first host egg by decreasing
its super-parasitization. Except for the first egg, all infested eggs were infested only once by both control and treated
females; therefore, the insecticide did not impede the detection of a host that had already been infested. We did find that
the insecticide affected the mode of rejection of infested eggs. At the beginning of the exploitation of the patch, females
exposed to the insecticide made more antennal rejections than controls but eventually made more ovipositor rejections. These
results suggest that the insecticide initially stimulated the antennal perception of the infested host but finally led to
the saturation of this perception. Parasitoids compensated for this loss of antennal perception via ovipositor perception
of infested eggs. This switch of behavior corresponds to a decrease in efficiency, as it is much more time consuming; therefore,
females exposed to the insecticide had to stay longer on the patch for an equal rate of exploitation relative to controls.
The infestation of host eggs is a crucial behavior for parasitoids, enabling their reproduction and the development of their
species. By decreasing the antennal recognition of infested eggs, chlorpyrifos continues to be detrimental even when parasitoids
survive exposure. |
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