Human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: biological characteristics and potential role in therapy of degenerative diseases

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a group of cells present in bone-marrow stroma and the stroma of various organs with the capacity for mesoderm-like cell differentiation into, for example, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. MSC are being introduced in the clinic for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions. The aim of this review is to provide an update regarding the biology of MSC, their identification and culture, and mechanisms controlling their proliferation and differentiation. We also review the current status of their clinical use. Areas in which research is needed to enhance the clinical use of MSC are emphasized. This work was supported by grants from the Danish Medical Research Council, Danish Center for Stem Cell Research, and Novo Nordisk Foundation.