人类活动对升金湖国家级自然保护区景观格局的影响

自然保护地通常是重要的生态敏感区域, 具有十分重要的生态和社会经济价值, 因此维持自然状况, 避免人为干扰是日常管理的基本要求。借助遥感手段, 快速识别人为扰动引起的景观变化, 是加强保护地管理的有效手段。以升金湖国家级自然保护区为研究对象, 基于RS和GIS空间分析等技术方法, 利用人为干扰度模型, 并结合特定人类活动干扰类型的变化情况, 研究了1995、2006和2017年人类干扰强度时空分异特征以及对景观格局的影响。结果表明: 随着人类干扰活动增强, 升金湖自然保护区景观破碎化加剧, 相同区域间连通性减弱, 斑块的形状逐渐变得更加复杂和不规则, 景观多样性和空间异质性增加。1995-2017年升金湖自然保护区人为干扰度呈逐渐增加趋势, 从0.476上升到0.499, 但是后期(2006-2017年)的增长速度缓于前期(1995-2006年); 在空间上, 人为干扰度等级基本呈实验区>缓冲区>核心区的规律。自1995至2017年, 升金湖自然保护区总体以及各个功能分区的人类活动影响指数均不断增加, 在人类活动因子中, 农田所占面积最大, 占保护区总面积的40%左右, 而围网养殖的人类活动影响指数最高, 高达5.5×10-3。针对上述现象, 建议严格控制建筑用地, 加强林地保护; 大力推进“退养还湿”和“退耕还湿”; 开展生态补偿试点, 推进渔民转产和发展社区替代产业, 缓解自然保护区的压力。

Impact of artificial activities on the landscape patterns in Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve

Nature reserve is usually an important ecological sensitive area with great importance of ecological and socio-economic value.Therefore,it is basic requirements for daily management of natural reserve to maintain natural conditions and avoid human interference.Using remote sensing to quickly identify landscape changes resulting in human disturbances is an effective way to strengthen reserve management.In this study,we took Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve as research unit,based on spatial analysis of RS and GIS,using hemeroby index model,combining with the change of the specific human activity interference type.The temporal and spatial differentiation characteristics of human disturbance intensity in 1995,2006 and 2017 and their effects on landscape pattern were quantitatively studied.The results showed that landscape fragmentation was intensified with increase of human disturbance activity,the connectivity between the same areas was weakened,and the shape of the patches gradually became more complicated and irregular;the landscape diversity and space heterogeneity increased.In 1995-2017,the hemeroby index in Shengjin Lake Nature Reserve increased gradually from 0.476 to 0.499,but the growth rate in the later period(2006-2017)was slower than that in the previous period(1995-2006).In terms of space,the level of hemeroby index was basically in the experimental area>buffer>core area.From 1995 to 2017,the human index in whole nature reserve and individual functional area was increased.Among human activity factors,farmland accounted for the largest area,about 40%of the total area of reserve,but the human index of the pen culture was the highest,as high as 5.5×10^-3.In view of the above-mentioned phenomena,it is recommended to strictly control the construction land and strengthen the protection of forest land,vigorously promoting the returning aquaculture land to wetland and returning farmland to wetland,carrying out ecological compensation,promoting transferring fishermen's job and developing substituted industries,and alleviating the pressure on nature reserves.