Changes in the density and spatial distribution of red fox dens and cub numbers in central Poland following rabies vaccination

Increases in red foxVulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) numbers and densities have been found in all European countries involved in the rabies vaccination program. In Poland, the number of foxes has increased steadily since the 1990s. Between 1999–2000, the average density of foxes reached 1.3–2 ind./km² in some parts of the country. The aim of the study was to estimate the change in fox population densities in central Poland during 1980–2006, and to assess the effect these changes have had on the spatial distribution of natal dens, mean numbers of cubs observed at occupied dens and the sedentary/nomadic fox ratio. Estimations of fox population density and numbers were based on three methods: (1) counts of tracks in snow, (2) locations of natal dens and counts of cubs, and (3) the battue (driving) method. The three methods of assessment were used continuously in our study area over a period of 25 years. Average yearly results were analysed and comparisons made between the periods before and after implementation of the anti-rabies vaccination. The results obtained with all three methods show a significant increase in the fox population, when the two analysed periods are compared. Increases in fox population densities correlated with increased numbers of breeding sites being located outside forests, from only single ones in the 1980s to 24% of the total in 2005. The average number of cubs per occupied den decreased significantly (by 11%) in comparison with before the anti-rabies vaccination period. The great increase (more than 100%) in fox numbers observed using the battue (driving) method suggest, that nomadic animals can form an important part of winter population in our study area.