Response of long-, medium- and short-term processes of the carbon budget to overgrazing-induced crusts in the Tibetan Plateau

The Kobresia pastures of the Tibetan Plateau represent the world’s largest alpine grassland ecosystem. These pastures remained stable during the last millennia of nomadic animal husbandry. However, strongly increased herds’ density has promoted overgrazing, with unclear consequences for vegetation and soils, particularly for cycles of carbon (C), nutrients and water. Vegetation-free patches of dead root-mat covered by blue-green algae and crustose lichens (crusts) are common in overgrazed Kobresia pastures, but their effect on C turnover processes is completely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the crusts strongly affect the C cycle by examining: (i) the long-term C stock measured as soil organic matter content; (ii) medium-term C stock as dead roots; (iii) recent C fluxes analyzed as living roots and CO₂ efflux; and (iv) fast decomposition of root exudates. Up to 7.5 times less aboveground and 1.9 times less belowground living biomass were found in crust patches, reflecting a much smaller C input to soil as compared with the non-crust Kobresia patches. A lower C input initially changed the long-term C stock under crusts in the upper root-mat horizon. Linear regression between living roots and CO₂ efflux showed that roots contributed 23% to total CO₂ under non-crust areas (mean July–August 5.4 g C m^?2 day^?1) and 18% under crusts (5.1 g C m^?2 day^?1). To identify differences in the fast turnover processes in soil, we added ¹³C labeled glucose, glycine and acetic acid, representing the three main groups of root exudates. The decomposition rates of glucose (0.7 day^?1), glycine (1.5 day^?1) and acetic acid (1.2 day^?1) did not differ under crusts and non-crusts. More ¹³C, however, remained in soil under crusts, reflecting less complete decomposition of exudates and less root uptake. This shows that the crust patches decrease the rates of medium-term C turnover in response to the much lower C input. Very high ¹³C amounts recovered in plants from non-crust areas as well as the two times lower uptake by roots under crusts indicate that very dense roots are efficient competitors with microorganisms for soluble organics. In conclusion, the altered C cycle in the overgrazing-induced crustose lichens and blue-green algae crusts is connected with strongly decreased C input and reduced medium-term C turnover.