A short note on oxytocin and stress attenuation

Stress is integral part of life and it initiates appropriate response at times of adversities to promise survival. Stress could be either physiological or psychogenic. Stress is often psychogenic in nature and it induces the release of cortisol from adrenal cortex into circulation by activating Hypo thalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). Cortisol thus released mediates the stress response by its catabolic effects to enhance the activity of vital organs during emergency. However, prolonged activation of the HPA axis can lead to physical and mental illness as an outcome of persistent stress. Nature has bestowed the biological system with an array of endogenous mechanisms to buffer stress. Oxytocin, a nano-peptide released by the magno-cellular neurons of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an efficient stress buffering neuro-peptide. This hormone mediates many physiological and behavioural functions get released during stress. It attenuates the stress axis initiated by the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the parvocellular neurons of the same hypothalamic nucleus. Oxytocin released by PVN exerts an inhibitory effect on the release of CRH by down-regulating the expression of the gene that transcribes for this hypothalamic hormone. Thus, it inhibits the release of adreno cotico trophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, exerting an overall suppressive modulation of the stress axis and attenuates stress.