Comparison of genetic variation in populations of wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, plants and their soil seed banks

Wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, has endangered species conservation status and it is subject to in situ conservation in China. To understand the potential of the seed bank in species conservation and population restoration, this study compared the genetic diversity of O. rufipogon plants with that of its soil seed banks in two marshes. A total of 11 pairs of rice SSR primers were used and 9 were polymorphic. Allele frequencies of the seeds differed significantly from those of surface plants and varied between soil layers. Relatively more alleles and higher genetic diversity (H _e) were found in plant populations, relative to seed banks. The numbers of germinable seeds and the level of genetic variation in seed banks decreased with the increasing of soil depth, indicating a rapid seed loss. Genetic differentiation was detected between sites and between plant and seed populations, as well as among seeds of different soil strata. Rapid seed loss, partly dormancy loss, and nonrandom seed mortality are discussed as the possible contributors to the pattern of reduced genetic variation within seed banks, compared to plants. These could also be responsible for the considerable genetic differentiation between populations. The seed population held about 72% of the total genetic variation of O. rufipogon in each marsh, indicating the potential of seed banks for restoring population variabilities if the plant populations were lost.