Assessing surficial foraminiferal distributions as an overwash indicator in Sur Lagoon,Sultanate of Oman

The identification of tsunami and storm deposits in arid coastal environments can be problematic, as overwash sediments may not show significant contrasting lithologic characters with lagoonal sediments. In this study foraminifera were evaluated as an overwash indicator in a small (12 km²) intertidal lagoon located at Sur, in the Sultanate of Oman. The lagoon is shallow (< 5 m depth), tidally-controlled and communicates with the open sea through a narrow subtidal entrance channel. The lagoon is largely composed of intertidal sand and mudflats with fringing mangroves. Previous work at Sur identified evidence for overwash deposits associated with the 28 November 1945 Makran Trench tsunami (M_w 8.1) which were identified based on the presence of a laterally extensive shelly bed with distinctive taphonomic characters. In this study, particle size, stable isotopic and foraminiferal (taxa and taphonomy) analyses were conducted on surface sediment samples from Sur Lagoon to determine modern spatial trends in the lagoon for future comparison with overwash sediments deeper in the geologic record. Q-mode cluster analysis of the foraminiferal data (n = 54) found three main biofacies which follow lagoon sub-environments: Shallow Marine Area, Main Lagoon Basin, and Distal Lagoon Basin. The Shallow Marine Area is mainly subtidal with higher wave energy, the Main Lagoon Basin is predominantly intertidal with moderate wave energy, whereas the Distal Lagoon Basin is isolated and mainly intertidal with low wave energy.The most useful parameters for assessing overwash events in Sur Lagoon are the foraminifera taxa rather than the taphonomic characters themselves. The most useful taxa for recognizing an overwash (e.g. tsunami or storm) will be the abundance of Amphistegina spp., Ammonia inflata, Elphidium advenum and planktics which are predominantly found in the Shallow Marine Area. The abundance trend of these species with distance into the lagoon has an inverse relationship with higher r² values than the other taxa. Taphonomically there is a predominance of larger specimens in the Shallow Marine Area along with a higher abundance of fossil specimens.