全球长期城市生态研究中的社会经济要素:指标、数据与应用前景

社会经济要素作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分，能够反映居民特征、衡量居民福祉，是城市生态研究中不可或缺的内容。然而，在城市生态研究中合理、有效利用社会经济要素的规范和框架尚未得到充分研究。城市生态研究中常用的社会经济指标包括哪些？社会经济指标的常见数据源有哪些？社会经济要素可协助回答哪些方面的科学问题？为回答上述问题，本文综述了全球范围内11个长期城市生态研究站点开展的系统性调查和案例研究，总结社会经济指标的内容、数据来源，以及这些研究的议题。结果表明：常用社会经济指标可分为人口基本信息、认知和意愿、行为三类，前两者在城市生态研究中的应用已较为普遍。数据的主要来源包括政府部门提供的统计资料或普查数据、商业数据，以及研究人员开展的独立调查。在城市生态研究中纳入社会经济要素有助于分析社会与环境的相互关系，进而揭示城市系统中人与自然的耦合效应。近年来，我国城市生态研究快速发展，但研究中欠缺对社会经济要素的考虑与利用，可能会逐渐偏离国际上城市生态学的主流研究方向。社会经济数据获取困难是当前研究者面临的重大挑战，同时也存在一些机遇能够促进我国城市生态研究纳入社会经济要素，例如利用新兴数据和大数据手段、构建统一的指标框架和数据共享机制，以及充分了解和利用政府公开的统计数据。

Socioeconomic factors in global long-term urban ecological studies: indicators, sources and applications

As an essential part of the urban ecosystem, socioeconomic factors can reflect the characteristics of residents and measure their well-being, which has developed into an indispensable content of urban ecological research. However, the standards and frameworks for the rational and effective use of socioeconomic factors in urban ecological research have not been adequately studied. What socioeconomic indicators are commonly used in urban ecological research? What are the major data sources for these indicators? What research questions can be explored with socioeconomic factors? This study reviewed scientific outputs from the 11 urban long-term ecological research sites around the world to answer the above questions. The results indicate that the most commonly used socioeconomic indicators include general information of population, perception and willingness, and behavior. Urban ecological studies have widely used the former two categories. The principal data sources of indicators include statistical data or census data collected by government agencies, commercial data, and independent surveys conducted by researchers. Integrating socioeconomic factors into urban ecological research would facilitate studies investigating the coupling effect of humans and nature in the urban system. In recent years, despite of the rapid development and the rising status of urban ecological studies in China, the consideration and utilization of socioeconomic factors are still lacked, which may deviate Chinese urban studies from the international mainstream research direction of global urban studies. Data accessibility poses great challenges to urban researchers in China. We argue that opportunities lie in the widespread application of big data, establishing a data-sharing mechanism, and better use of existing public data.