青藏高原高寒地区生态草牧业可持续发展:原理、技术与实践

青藏高原在保障国家生态安全、发展高寒生态草牧业和改善当地民生等方面具有重要战略意义。实现高寒地区生态草牧业可持续发展,对推动青藏高原生态保护和区域高质量发展具有重要推动作用。由于高寒草地承载力低、草畜供需时空失衡和畜牧业经营方式粗放等原因,导致草地畜牧业生产效率低,牧民经营效益差,高寒草地退化严重。为了协调推动高原生态保护、国家公园建设和区域民生改善,传统草地畜牧业亟待转型升级。近年来在国家和地方科技项目支持下,针对高寒草地畜牧业系统效率低、资源消耗大和经营效益差的瓶颈,我们在位于青藏高原东缘农牧交错区的青海省贵南县系统开展了生态草牧业关键技术研发、应用和示范,集成了以“高寒草地适度利用—优质高产人工草地建植—优良牧草青贮—系列草产品加工—饲草料精准配置—家畜营养均衡饲养—高原特色畜产品精深加工—一二三产业融合—区域功能耦合”等为一体的高寒地区生态草牧业提质增效技术体系,积极推动了传统草地畜牧业向生态草牧业发展转变,促进了高寒地区生态—生产—生活协调发展。上述工作将为青藏高原生态保护、草牧业可持续发展和高寒地区牧民持续增收提供重要科技支撑,同时对我国西部典型生态脆弱区适应性管理,黄河上游生态保护和高质量发展具有一定的启示作用。

Sustainable development of ecological grass-based livestock husbandry in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau alpine area: principle, technology and practice

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau plays an important role in ensuring nationally ecological security, developing alpine ecological grass-based livestock husbandry, and improving plateau people''s livelihood. Therefore, realizing the sustainable development of alpine grass-based livestock husbandry is of great significance to promote the plateau ecological construction and the regional high quality development. However, the production efficiency and economic benefit of traditional grassland livestock husbandry are quite low, and the situation of grassland degradation is serious, largely attributed to the low carrying capacity of alpine grassland, the contradiction between herbage supply and livestock requirement, and the extensive management of livestock husbandry. The traditional grassland livestock husbandry should be transformed and upgraded to promote the coordinated development of plateau ecological protection, national park construction and people''s livelihood improvement. In recent years, with the support of science and technology projects from the state and Qinghai Province, aiming at the bottlenecks of low efficiency, high resources consumption and poor benefit of traditional livestock system, we have carried out the technology research and demonstration of ecological grass-based livestock husbandry in Guinan County of Qinghai Province. After years'' research and practice, we integrated a technology system for alpine ecological grass-based livestock husbandry, which contains "rational utilizing alpine grassland-establishing high yield artificial grassland-processing high quality silage and grass products-precisely allocating and utilizing forage-livestock nutrition balanced feeding-intensive processing plateau livestock products-developing integrated industries-regional function coupling development". The newly production system has actively promoted the transformation of the traditional grazing livestock management to ecological grass-based livestock husbandry, and promoted the coordinated development of ecology, production and livelihood in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau alpine area. The works provide science and technology support for plateau ecological protection, improving grass-based livestock husbandry efficiency, and increasing local people''s economic income. Meanwhile, these works have certain enlightenment on the adaptive management for typically ecological fragile areas in Western China, and the ecological protection and high-quality development of the upper reaches of the Yellow River.