Genetic screening and genetic counseling: Knowledge,attitudes, and practices in two groups of family planning professionals

Abstract

Genetic counseling has evolved from a eugenic orientation to an orientation concerned with the physical and mental well‐being of counselees. This change in genetic counseling, which has received formal recognition in a new definition of genetic counseling, requires collateral development of the processes and evaluation of the outcomes of counseling. This paper offers a theory of genetic counseling which interrelates genetic information, psychological responses, learning theory, and decision‐making. The theory presented for genetic counseling is based on the more general theories of learning, decision‐making, and adaptation to psychological stress. This theory is extended into a practical model that provides a comprehensive explanation of the relationships between the activities of genetic counseling and informed decision‐making, which is assumed to be a major element of healthy counselee adjustment. Implications of this theory for the genetic counselor, the counselee, and the assessment of clinical and program success are discussed.