Genetic structure of Podocarpus nubigena (Podocarpaceae) provides evidence of Quaternary and ancient historical events |
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| Authors: | M.P. Quiroga A.C. Premoli |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;2. Yachay Tech University, School of Geological Sciences and Engineering, San Miguel de Urcuqui, Hacienda San Jose, Imbabura, Ecuador;3. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0340, USA;4. School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0340, USA;1. CONICET-Instituto de Arqueología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 25 de Mayo 221, (C1002ABE) Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. IBBEA-CONICET-UBA, Laboratorio de Diatomeas Continentales, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, 4° piso, Lab. 15, (C1428EHA) C. A. Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;2. Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol Shenzhen R&D Center, Shenzhen 518057, China;4. Institute for Technology Research and Innovation of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China;5. CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China;1. National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ve?na pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;2. The Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control-COBIK, Solkan, Slovenia;3. INRA, UMR 385 BGPI, Campus de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France;1. Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Marta Str., 202, 620144 Ekaterinburg, Russia;2. Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira Street, 19, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;3. Department of Ecology & Genetics, EBC, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 5236 Uppsala, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | Evolution of ancient lineages inhabiting austral latitudes of the southern Andes has taken place in response to historical processes occurring at distinct spatial and temporal scales. We tested the hypothesis that distribution patterns of genetic polymorphisms within Podocarpus nubigena Lindl. (Podocarpaceae) were shaped by contemporary events acting at local scales such as Quaternary glaciations as well as pre-Quaternary palaeogeographical features of the landscape. We predict that such cold hardy species was able to survive locally in refugia during ice ages. As a result of local long-lasting persistence, its gene pool may also reflect the pre-Quaternary palaeogeography of southern South America. We collected fresh leaves from 30 randomly selected individuals at 14 populations. Leaf tissue was analyzed by isozyme electrophoresis using 12 putative loci most of which (92%) were polymorphic in at least one population. Elevated total genetic diversity was recorded HT = 0.275 which was similarly high throughout populations with an overall significant mean among-population isolation (FST = 18%). Multivariate cluster and Bayesian analyses yielded significant latitudinal divergence at 43°S associated to a palaeobasin that produced a barrier for gene flow. Populations south of 43°S and those growing in lowland areas on Quaternary substrates of the North Patagonian Massif (Q NPM) present the highest genetic diversity suggesting long-lasting persistence. In contrast, northern mountain populations on pre-Quaternary substrates (pre-Q NPM) hold reduced genetic variation due to altitudinal movements in response to climate shifts. We suggest that palaeogeography of southern South America in addition to Neogene glaciations have shaped the genetic makeup of such ancient lineage as Podocarpus. |
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