Patterns of growth and sexual size dimorphism in two species of box turtles with environmental sex determination |
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Authors: | Robert C St Clair |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA, US |
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Abstract: | An adaptive explanation for environmental sex determination is that it promotes sexual size dimorphism when larger size benefits
one sex more than the other. That is, if growth rates are determined by environment during development, then it is beneficial
to match developmental environment to the sex that benefits more from larger size. However, larger size may also be a consequence
of larger size at hatching or growing for a longer time, i.e., delayed age at first reproduction. Therefore, the adaptive
significance of sexual size dimorphism and environmental sex determination can only be interpreted within the context of both
growth and maturation. In addition, in those animals that continue to grow after maturation, sexual size dimorphism at age
of first reproduction could differ from sexual size dimorphism at later ages as growth competes for energy with reproduction
and maintenance. I compared growth using annuli on carapace scales in two species of box turtles (Terrapene carolina and T. ornata) that have similar patterns of environmental sex determination but, reportedly, have different patterns of sexual size dimorphism.
In the populations I studied, sexual size dimorphism was in the same direction in both species; adult females were, on average,
larger than adult males. This was due in part to males maturing earlier and therefore at smaller sizes than females. In spite
of similar patterns of environmental sex determination, patterns of growth differed between the species. In T. carolina, males grew faster than females as juveniles but females had the larger asymptotic size. In T. ornata, males and females grew at similar rates and had similar asymptotic sizes. Sexual size dimorphism was greatest at maturation
because, although males matured younger and smaller, they grew more as adults. There was, therefore, no consistent pattern
of faster growth for females that may be ascribed to developmental temperature.
Received: 20 March 1996 / Accepted: 10 March 1998 |
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Keywords: | Sexual size dimorphism Environmental sex determination Growth Turtles Terrapene |
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