Regulation of bacterial photosynthesis genes by oxygen and light

When grown in the appropriate medium, several yeast species produce pectinases able to degrade pectic substances. It is mainly exocellular endopolygalacturonases that break pectins or pectate down by hydrolysis of alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkages in a random way. Biochemical characterisation of these enzymes has shown that they have an optimal pH in the acidic region and an optimal temperature between 40 and 55 degrees C. Their production by yeasts is a constitutive feature and is repressed by the glucose concentration and aeration. Pectic substances and their hydrolysis products are used as carbon sources by a limited number of yeasts and hence these enzymes must be involved in the colonisation of different parts of plants, including fruits. The first yeast pectic enzyme (encoded by the PSE3 gene) was cloned from Tichosporon penicillatum. Recently, a polygalacturonase-encoding gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned and overexpressed in several strains and the gene for an extracellular endopolygalacturonase from Kluyveromyces marxianus has also been described. Taking all the results together, the idea is now emerging that this type of yeast enzyme could offer an alternative to fungal enzymes for industrial applications.