Characterization of post-translational modifications of the linker histones H1 and H5 from chicken erythrocytes using mass spectrometry

Histone linker proteins H1 and H5 were purified from chicken erythrocyte cell nuclei under nondenaturing conditions. The purified linker histones were analyzed using in-solution enzymatic digestions followed by nanoflow reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We have identified all six major isoforms of the chicken histone H1 (H101, H102, H103, H110, H11R and H11L) and, in addition, the specialist avian isoform H5. In all the histone variants, both the acetylated and nonacetylated N (alpha)-terminal peptides were identified. Mass spectrometry analysis also enabled the identification of a wide range of post-translational modifications including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and deamidation. Furthermore, a number of amino acids were identified that were modified with both acetylation and methylation. These results highlight the extensive modifications that are present on the linker histone proteins, indicating that, similar to the core histones, post-translational modifications of the linker histones may play a role in chromatin remodelling and gene regulation.