Interaction of cyclic cytosine-, guanine-, thymine-, uracil- and mixed guanine-cytosine base tetrads with K+, Na+ and Li+ ions -- a density functional study

We have carried out B3LYP hybrid density functional studies of complexes formed by cyclic cytosine-, guanine-, thymine-, uracil- and mixed guanine cytosine-tetrads with Li+, Na+ and K+ ions to determine their structures and interaction energies. The conformations studied have been restricted to a hydrogen bond pattern closely related to the tetrads observed in experimental nucleic acid structures. A comparison of the alkali metal ion/tetrad complexes with the tetrads without cations indicates that alkali metal ions modulate the tetrad structures significantly and that even the hydrogen bond pattern may change. Guanine-tetrad cation complexes show the strongest interaction energy compared to other tetrads that occur less frequently in experimental structures. The most stable G-tetrad/metal ion structure adopts a nearly planar geometry that is especially suitable for tetraplex formation, which requires approximately parallel tetrad planes. In the cytosine-tetrad there is a very large central cavity suitable for cation recognition, but the complexes adopt a non-planar structure unsuitable for stacking, except possibly for ions with very large radii. Uracil and thymine tetrads show a significant different characteristics which may contribute to the differences between DNA and RNA