Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy of hyphal colonisation of Chenopodium quinoa during fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus |
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Authors: | W. PENALOZA J. N. HEDGER B. J. THOMAS |
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Affiliation: | Department of Biological Sciences, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DA, UK;AFRC Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plus Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3EB, UK |
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Abstract: | In a study of tempe made by fermenting quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) with Rhizopus oligosporus Saito, the interaction between the substrate and the fungus varied according to the raw material used. Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy confirmed that hyphal infiltration in quinoa was normally limited by the seed coat, but a massive penetration was found in fragments of quinoa where the testa was broken. This finding has implications for the texture and quality of tempe fermentation of grains and pulses. |
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Keywords: | Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy tempe hyphal penetration quinoa (cereal) tempe fermentation solid-substrate fermentation |
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