Real-time kinetic analyses of the interaction of ricin toxin A-chain with ribosomes prove a conformational change involved in complex formation

Ricin toxin A-chain (RTA), a ribosome-inactivating protein from seeds of the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis), inactivates eukaryotic ribosomes by hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond of a single adenosine residue in a highly conserved loop of 28S rRNA, but does not act on prokaryotic ribosomes. We investigated the interaction of rat liver 80S ribosomes with RTA using an optical biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore instrument), which allows real-time recording of the interaction. RTA was coupled to the dextran gel matrix on the sensor chip surface through a single thiol group that is not involved in the enzymatic action. The interaction of rat ribosomes with RTA, which was greatly affected by the Mg(2+) concentration and ionic strength, was usually measured at 5 mM Mg(2+), 50 mM KCl, and pH 7.5. The modes of interaction of intact and RTA-depurinated rat liver ribosomes with the immobilized RTA were virtually the same, while no considerable interaction was observed for Escherichia coli ribosomes. The interaction was not influenced by the presence of 5 mM adenine, which is higher than the reported dissociation constant (1 mM) for the adenine-RTA complex. These results demonstrate that binding of the target adenine with the active site of RTA does not contribute much to the total interaction of ribosomes and RTA. Global analyses of association and dissociation data with several binding models, taking account of mass transport, allowed us to conclude that the data were unable to fit a simple 1:1 binding model, but were best described by a model including a conformational change involved in high affinity complex formation.