Natural forms of vitamin E: metabolism,antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy |
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| Institution: | 1. Translation Center of Research of Nutrition and Ageing, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Research Centres on Ageing (INRCA), Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy;2. Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani” (CIG), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy;3. National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece;4. Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy;1. Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran;2. Department of Internal Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran;1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy;2. Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany;3. Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany;4. Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Italy;5. Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Studies, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Germany;1. Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany;2. Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Chemoinformatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy;3. Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Studies, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The vitamin E family consists of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. α-Tocopherol (αT) is the predominant form of vitamin E in tissues and its deficiency leads to ataxia in humans. However, results from many clinical studies do not support a protective role of αT in disease prevention in people with adequate nutrient status. On the other hand, recent mechanistic studies indicate that other forms of vitamin E, such as γ-tocopherol (γT), δ-tocopherol, and γ-tocotrienol, have unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are superior to those of αT in prevention and therapy against chronic diseases. These vitamin E forms scavenge reactive nitrogen species, inhibit cyclooxygenase- and 5-lipoxygenase-catalyzed eicosanoids, and suppress proinflammatory signaling such as NF-κB and STAT3/6. Unlike αT, other vitamin E forms are significantly metabolized to carboxychromanols via cytochrome P450-initiated side-chain ω-oxidation. Long-chain carboxychromanols, especially 13′-carboxychromanols, are shown to have stronger anti-inflammatory effects than unmetabolized vitamins and may therefore contribute to the beneficial effects of vitamin E forms in vivo. Consistent with mechanistic findings, animal and human studies show that γT and tocotrienols may be useful against inflammation-associated diseases. This review focuses on non-αT forms of vitamin E with respect to their metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms, and in vivo efficacy in preclinical models as well as human clinical intervention studies. |
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| Keywords: | Tocopherol Tocotrienol Cyclooxygenase 5-Lipoxygenase Cancer Inflammation Asthma Lung injury Long-chain carboxychromanol Free radicals |
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