Polymorphism of Chloroplast DNA and Phylogeography of Green Alder (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Alnus alnobetula</Emphasis> (Ehrh.) K. Koch s. l.) in Asiatic Russia

This paper studies the phylogeography of Alnus alnobetula s. l. in the Asian part of the Russian range with the use of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences (intergenic spacers trnH-psbA, trnS-trnG, and psaA-trnS). Nine haplotypes were identified as a result of a combination of polymorphism of all sites in 241 plants in 20 populations of A. alnobetula. High interpopulation differentiation (G_ST = 0.914, N_ST = 0.928) and a significant phylogeographic structure (N_ST > G_ST, p < 0.05) were found. Reconstruction of genealogical relationships of green alder haplotypes revealed five highly divergent genetic lineages: one geographically widespread throughout Siberia and the Urals and several allopatric lines in the Far East of Russia, namely, the Chukotka Peninsula and the mouth of the Yana River, Magadan oblast, Primorye and the central part of Sakhalin Island, and the southern part of Sakhalin Island. Our data confirm that in the past the range of this species in the Far East was fragmented in several refugia that were isolated for a long time in various ice-free regions. This could have contributed to a high level of intraspecific polymorphism of green alder as a result of the divergence of endemic haplotypes, with almost non-overlapping distribution. However, the level of their molecular divergence does not correspond to the level of morphological differences.