Studies on the activation of the prophenoloxidase system of insects by bacterial cell wall components |
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| Institution: | 1. Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, Terao 51-11, Muroko, Katsuyama, Fukui, 911-8601, Japan;2. Instituto do Petróleo e dos Recursos Naturais, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 - Prédio 96J – sala 503.02, CEP, 90619-900 Porto Alegre – RS, Brazil;3. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Natsushima-cho 2-15, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan;4. Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan;1. Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño 16344, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile;2. Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile;3. Laboratorio de Peces, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño 16344, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile;1. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Ignaz Seipel-Platz 2, 1010 Vienna, Austria;2. Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Josef Baumann Gasse 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;3. Department of Anthropology, University of North Dakota-Grand Forks, 236 Centennial Drive, Stop 8374, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8374, USA;4. Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Box 233, Boulder, CO 80309, USA;5. Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas-Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, USA;1. Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557 Puerto Montt, Chile;2. Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile;3. Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile;4. Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Chile;5. Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile |
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| Abstract: | The ability of bacterial cell walls to activate the prophenoloxidase cascade was tested using Blaberus craniifer, Clitumnus extradentatus, Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria. Effects of modifying components of the cell wall on the activation of prophenoloxidase in a haemocyte lysate supernatant preparation were examined. Peptidoglycan was found to be an important factor for the activating ability of Gram-positive bacteria. Lysozyme treatment of Micrococcus luteus cell wall showed that the soluble peptidoglycan was the active component. Teichoic acid isolated from Staphylococcus aureus did not activate the prophenoloxidase cascade. However, removal of teichoic acid from the cell wall enhanced activation, probably by exposure of peptidoglycan. Several Escherichia coli K-12 strains, with differing lipopolysaccharide compositions, were also tested for activation of prophenoloxidase. Differences in the ability of the various strains to activate the prophenoloxidase cascade were apparent although no clear conclusions could be made. The role of capsular polysaccharides was investigated too, using two Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, a noncapsulate mutant and its capsulate parent strain. The capsular polysaccharide conferred an increased activating potential. This difference in activation was lost by removal of the capsule from the parent strain. These results are interpreted in terms of the nonself recognition process in insect haemolymph. |
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