生态设计家具的碳足迹核算与减排效果分析——以木质家具为例

我国的木质家具不仅产量大,而且碳排放强度也相对较高,利用生态设计理念可以降低木质家具的碳足迹。为了定量化生态设计所带来的减排效果,按照减少资源消耗和环境污染、节省住宅空间等木质家具生态设计原则,通过在一款多功能家具的框架内安装不同面板,形成了4种不同材质和结构的设计方案,利用生命周期分析方法核算了4种方案的碳足迹,并进一步量化了改进方案的减排效果。结果表明:4种家具设计的碳足迹从小到大为三聚氰胺板家具、木皮板家具、拼板家具、嵌条板家具,其中,实木类家具原材料碳排放较低,人造板类家具加工过程电力碳排放较低(主要来源于喷涂工段,占电力排放的83%—92%);通过各种减排方案的减排效果分析,发现采用"可拆卸无胶连接方式"改进方案减排效果显为明显;同时发现,合理的"低碳设计"(采用以实木板为基板,以三聚氰胺纸为贴面制作面板),可以避免中纤板喷涂过程的碳排放,从而减少产品整体碳足迹。

Calculation of the carbon footprint of eco-design furniture and measures for its mitigation: a case study of wooden furniture

China is a major producer of wooden furniture, but the carbon emissions associated with its production are higher than those of other forest products. However, eco-design, a design method based on life-cycles, could reduce the carbon footprint of wooden furniture. Multi-functional furniture has been developed as a benchmark of the improved designs based on ecological principles, including slit plate, jointed board, veneer board, and melamine board furniture. Emission reductions of different connectors and usage scenarios of recycled material were compared between four furniture designs using different materials. The emission reduction effects were then quantified. The results showed that the carbon footprint was highest for slit plate, followed by that of jointed board, veneer board, and melamine board furniture, in that order. The carbon footprint of two kinds of solid wood furniture was higher than that of artificial board furniture. The carbon emissions of the raw material of solid wood furniture and the power consumption for artificial board furniture production were low. Sawn timber and the painting of solid wood were the main sources of carbon emissions, and accounted for 80% of the raw materials. The carbon emissions of the Medium Density Fiberboard(MDF) were the hotspot in artificial board furniture, at about 70%, and were higher than that of solid wood furniture. The carbon emission hotspots of power usage were spraying, which accounted for 83%-92%, and the carbon emissions of melamine board furniture was the lowest. In contrast, the effect of the "removable glue connection" in reducing carbon emissions was considerable. Compared with replacing an entire piece of furniture, the reduction effect of replacing a frame component was more than 81%, and that of replacing a panel component was more than 74%. For the "recycling wood" improvement program, the reduction effect of solid wood furniture was small (<5%). However, the reduction effect of artificial board furniture was larger (> 26%). Regarding the eco-design of furniture, because of the carbon emission of fiber board and spraying in a dominant position, it was recommended that solid wood should be used as a substrate with melamine paper veneer for the panels; this design could reduce the carbon emissions caused by MDF and spraying, and achieve the effect of a lower carbon requirement. In addition, the "removable glue connection" was effective for repairing the furniture, and reducing carbon emissions considerably. Therefore, the final ecological design was based on solid wood board for the substrate and melamine paper for the panel with a removable glue connection structure, which could reduce the carbon emission by about 74%-97%.