风速变化对草原生态系统的影响研究进展

在全球风速呈下降趋势的大背景下,研究风速变化对生态系统的影响具有重要意义,尤其是其重要组成部分——草原生态系统。近年来大量学者开始研究风速变化对草原生态系统的影响,主要集中在以下几个方面并得出相关的结论,(1)风速变化会影响植物的生长速率和叶片形态,适当的风速能够促进植物生长发育、提高植被初级生产力,而强风或持续大风不仅会对植物产生破坏作用,还会影响其生长发育;(2)风会最先带走地表细小颗粒,从而导致土壤质地变粗、水分下降、营养成分重新分配;(3)风引起地表边界层和大气边界层物质和能量的转移和交换,热量和水汽的交换导致地表微气候发生变化,如风速降低会导致地表温度升高;(4)风力作用使得土壤水分亏缺、营养成分变化,导致草原生态系统结构变化、草地覆盖度降低、物种生活型复杂化、耐旱植物增加;(5)大气稳定性、CO2交换速率和碳排放都会随着风速的增加而增加,碳吸收则相反,碳通量也因此发生变化。综上,风速降低对于草原生态系统的影响复杂且利弊相当,未来的发展趋势会更加侧重于以下几个方面的发展:研究对象的多样化、加强控制实验的定量化研究、综合多要素的相互作用机理研究、整体结构和功能性的研究。

Research progress of the effects of wind speed change on grassland ecosystem

Under the context of wind-reducing worldwide, researching the effects of wind speed change on grassland ecosystem, which plays an important role in terrestrial ecosystem, has important significances. The experiment results over decades show that:(1) wind speed change impacts plant growth rates and leaf shapes. Appropriate wind speed can improve plant growth and enhance the primary productivity. But strong wind or continuous wind might damage plant; (2)Wind takes away soil fine particles (e.g., silt and clay) from soil surface first, which lead to soil structural change, soil moisture reduction and the redistribution of nutrients; (3)Wind induces the transfer and exchange of materials and energy between land surface and atmosphere, which can change the surface micro-climate. For example, soil surface temperature will rise due to reduced wind; (4) Wind can decrease the soil moisture and change the nutrient component, making grassland ecosystem structure varied, grassland cover decreased, plant life forms complicated and drought-tolerant plants increased; (5) Atmospheric stability, CO₂ exchange rate and carbon emission increase with wind speed acceleration. Carbon absorption is the opposite. As a result, carbon flux also changes. Above all, It has its pros and cons for the effect of wind speed decrease on grassland ecosystem. In the future,the study will be more focused on the following aspects:Research object diversification; Quantitative study by strengthening the control of experiment; Comprehensive interaction mechanism of multi factor; the overall structure and functional study.