黄土高原苜蓿-粮食作物轮作下土壤细菌群落特征和生态功能预测

为揭示多年种植苜蓿后轮作不同作物对黄绵土细菌群落的影响,本研究通过布设在黄土高原雨养农业区的长期定位试验,采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和PICRUSt方法探究苜蓿(LC)、苜蓿-休闲-小麦(L_FW)、苜蓿-休闲-玉米(L_FC)、苜蓿-马铃薯(LP)与苜蓿-谷子(LM)对土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,并利用PICRUSt法预测了其生态功能。结果表明: 半干旱区黄绵土细菌优势门为放线菌门(20.3%～32.0%)、变形菌门(19.2%～23.0%)、酸杆菌门(12.4%～14.2%)和绿弯菌门(11.0%～12.7%),其中苜蓿翻耕轮作玉米土壤优势细菌属为芽孢杆菌属(1.9%),其余处理土壤细菌优势属均为假节杆菌属(2.5%)。多年生苜蓿翻耕轮作不同粮食作物后显著降低了放线菌门相对丰度,但显著提高了绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度。冗余分析表明,影响苜蓿及轮作作物土壤细菌群落结构的主要环境因子是硝态氮、铵态氮和全氮。PICRUSt功能预测结果表明,新陈代谢(78.6%～79.1%)为黄绵土细菌群落的主要功能,苜蓿翻耕轮作作物显著降低了土壤细菌碳水化合物代谢功能基因丰度,但明显提高了土壤细菌辅助因子和维生素代谢、神经退行性疾病、免疫系统等功能基因丰度。综上,多年生苜蓿翻耕轮作一年生作物改变了土壤细菌群落结构和生态功能,该结果可为黄绵土细菌群落演替特征的探索和苜蓿适宜后茬作物的确定提供理论参考。

Soil bacterial community characteristics and ecological function prediction of alfalfa and crop rotation systems in the Loess Plateau,Northwest China

In order to understand the effects of lucerne cropping rotation on the bacterial community of loess soil, a long-term field experiment was conducted in rain-fed agricultural area of Loess Plateau. The cropping systems included continuous lucerne (Medicago sativa, LC), lucerne removed and rotated with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, L_FW), lucerne removed and rotated with corn (Zea mays, L_FC), lucerne removed and rotated with potato (Solanum tuberosum, LP), and lucerne removed and rotated with continuous millet (Panicum miliaceum, LM). Based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology, we investigated soil bacterial community structure and diversity in different cropping systems, and predicted ecological function using PICRUSt method. The results showed that the dominant phyla of loess soil bacteria were Actinomycetes (20.3%-32.0%), Proteobacteria (19.2%-23.0%), Acidobacteria (12.4%-14.2%) and Chloroflexus (11.0%-12.7%). The dominant genus was Bacillus (1.9%) in lucerne-corn system and Pseudarthrobacter (2.5%) in other treatments. Rotation with annual crops decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and increased that of Chloroflexi and Firmicutes. Redundancy analysis showed that the main soil factors driving soil bacterial community structure were nitrate, ammonium, and total nitrogen. PICRUSt function prediction results showed that metabolism (78.6%-79.1%) was the main function of soil bacterial communities in loess soil. Rotation with continued annual crops significantly decreased the abundance of soil bacterial carbohydrate metabolism functional genes, and significantly increased the abundance of functional genes for soil bacterial cofactors and vitamin metabolism, neurodegenerative diseases, and immune system. In conclusion, lucerne removed and rotated with continuous annual crops changed soil bacterial community structure and ecological functions. This study provided theoretical reference to explore succession characteristics of soil bacteria and to select succeeding crops for alfalfa in loess soil.