Locust flight steering

Locusts (Locusta migratoria) were flown in a flight simulator which converts yaw torque into angular motion of the visual environment (Fig. 1). The modalities and the time-course of steering behavior under these closed-loop conditions have been investigated.

1.	Locusts flying under visual closed-loop conditions stabilize their visual environment by performing correctional steering manoeuvres. Besides torque production, due to differential wing movements and ruddering, correctional steering also involves head movements (Fig. 6).
2.	During open-loop steering, ruddering and yaw torque begin some 60 ms after the onset of the visually simulated deviation from course. Head movements occur some 90 ms after stimulus onset, i.e. some 30 ms later than yaw torque (Figs. 3, 5) and therefore do not initiate thoracic steering outputs.
3.	Open- and closed-loop correctional steering do not differ in their behavioral components or temporal organization (Figs. 2, 6, Table 1).
4.	In the absence of major disturbances, correctional steering under closed-loop conditions is performed with minimal ruddering (only a few degrees in amplitude), that probably produces little or no aerodynamic drag (Fig. 6).
5.	Locusts prevented from moving their heads still stabilize their visual environment in the closed-loop situation. However, the precision of steering is affected by this constraint (Figs. 8, 9, 10, 12). Head immobilization also alters the temporal coordination of correctional steering (Figs. 7, 11).
6.	These results show that head movements, in addition to their generally accepted role in vision improvement, also contribute to the precision and temporal coordination of correctional flight manoeuvres. The mechanism is partly via proprioceptive feedback.