Late Quaternary deep and surface water mass evolution in the northeastern Indian Ocean inferred from carbon and oxygen isotopes of benthic and planktonic foraminifera

New planktonic and benthic foraminiferal stable isotope records from core YDY05 (northeastern Indian Ocean) provide new insights into paleoceanographic changes in the northeastern Indian Ocean since the last glacial period. The distinct δ¹⁸O decrease was observed since the beginning of the deglaciation to the mid-Holocene (～8–6 kyr BP), possibly reflecting a reduction in surface salinity in the central Bay of Bengal (BoB) water, which probably resulted from strengthened precipitation, concurrent enhanced river discharge and rising sea-level, related to the intensification of Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). Variations in benthic δ¹³C and δ¹³C_{Planktonic-Benthic} in our core site reflect significant variations in source water characteristics over the LGM-Holocene. The large δ¹³C_{Planktonic-Benthic} offset during the glacial period suggests a more sluggish deep water circulation, and lower δ¹³C_{Planktonic-Benthic} from the deglaciation to the Holocene suggests an enhanced deep water circulation in the central BoB. The drastic depletion in benthic δ¹³C during the glacial period suggests a significant reduction of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) intrusion and a progressive influx of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and ¹²C-rich Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) into the central BoB. In contrast, since the deglaciation, the central BoB experienced a drastically increased intrusion of better ventilated and ¹³C-rich NADW. The differences in benthic δ¹⁸O between the LGM section and the Holocene exceeds the ice volume effect by ～0.5‰, providing further evidence that the deep water mass of the central BoB was influenced by the less dense NADW, instead of the AABW, since the last deglaciation.