Mcl-1 promotes lung cancer cell migration by directly interacting with VDAC to increase mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and reactive oxygen species generation

Mcl-1 is an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family frequently upregulated in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). We now report the physiological significance of an interaction between Mcl-1 and the mitochondrial outer membrane-localized voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in NSCLC cell lines. Mcl-1 bound with high affinity to VDAC1 and 3 isoforms but only very weakly to VDAC2 and binding was disrupted by peptides based on the VDAC1 sequence. In A549 cells, reducing Mcl-1 expression levels or application of VDAC-based peptides limited Ca²⁺ uptake into the mitochondrial matrix, the consequence of which was to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In A549, H1299 and H460 cells, both Mcl-1 knockdown and VDAC-based peptides attenuated cell migration without affecting cell proliferation. Migration was rescued in Mcl-1 knockdown cells by experimentally restoring ROS levels, consistent with a model in which ROS production drives increased migration. These data suggest that an interaction between Mcl-1 and VDAC promotes lung cancer cell migration by a mechanism that involves Ca²⁺-dependent ROS production.The Bcl-2 proteins are a family of molecules comprised of both pro- and antiapoptotic members essential for the regulation of apoptotic cell death. In the classical paradigm, the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-x_L and Mcl-1, inhibit cell death during receipt of apoptotic stimuli by binding and sequestering the proapoptotic members.¹ It is now appreciated, however, that in the absence of apoptotic stimuli, Bcl-2 proteins have numerous non-canonical interactions that influence diverse cellular functions, although the precise mechanisms are poorly understood.² Since antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members are frequently upregulated in cancer, determining if and how these non-canonical interactions confer survival or other advantages to the cancer cell, will be an important step toward identifying new therapeutic targets. One such interaction is with the outer mitochondrial membrane-localized voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a porin channel with three isoforms that serves as a major diffusion pathway for ions and metabolites,³ and whose gating properties are affected by either Bcl-2 or Bcl-x_L binding.^{4, 5, 6}We recently identified an important role for Bcl-x_L/VDAC interactions in the regulation of mitochondrial Ca²⁺].⁷ Moving Ca²⁺ from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix requires transfer across the outer membrane by VDAC^3,8 and across the inner membrane by the Ca²⁺ uniporter.⁹ Our studies showed that Bcl-x_L interacts with VDAC to facilitate Ca²⁺ uptake into the mitochondrial matrix. It is not known if other Bcl-2 family members, particularly Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, which are also known VDAC binding partners impart the same physiological regulation on mitochondrial Ca²⁺]. Furthermore, the specific physiological consequences and significance of this regulation remain to be determined.Increased production and reduced scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is frequently observed in cancer cells.¹⁰ While excessive ROS levels are toxic, sub-lethal production serves an important signaling function, particularly in cancers, were ROS promote cell proliferation, migration and invasion.^{11, 12, 13, 14, 15} A primary source of ROS are the mitochondria, and a number of mitochondrial signaling pathways are known to be remodeled and contribute to elevated ROS in cancer cells, including those involved in regulating the electron transport chain (ETC) function and metabolic activity.^{11,16, 17, 18} It is recognized that upregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins are also associated with a pro-oxidant intracellular environment.^{19, 20, 21, 22} Mechanistically, they are thought to act at the level of the mitochondria to affect the respiratory chain and increase production of ROS. Since matrix Ca²⁺] is an important regulator of mitochondrial metabolism,^23,24 and as such, contributes to the regulation of mitochondrial ROS production,²⁵ we reasoned that antiapoptotic Mcl-1/VDAC interactions could promote ROS generation by facilitating matrix Ca²⁺ uptake.Understanding non-canonical roles of Mcl-1 is an important step toward identifying novel therapeutic targets, particularly in cancers where it is highly expressed, such as in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).^26,27 Therefore, we hypothesized that Mcl-1 binding to VDAC promotes mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake and ROS production in NSCLC cells and that this is essential in maintaining the cancer cell phenotype. To test this, we assessed the biochemical interaction between Mcl-1 and VDAC and examined the effects of manipulating Mcl-1 expression levels and Mcl-1/VDAC interactions on mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake, ROS generation and NSCLC cell proliferation and migration.