The effectiveness of gadolinium MRI to improve target delineation for radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: A comparative study of rigid image registration techniques

To achieve consistent target delineation in radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), image registration between simulation CT and diagnostic MRI was explored.Twenty patients with advanced HCC were included. The median interval between MRI and CT was 11 days. CT was obtained with shallow free breathing and MRI at exhale phase. On each CT and MRI, the liver and the gross target volume (GTV) were drawn. A rigid image registration was taken according to point information of vascular bifurcation (MethodA]) and pixel information of volume of interest only including the periphery of the liver (MethodB]) and manually drawn liver (MethodC]). In nine cases with an indefinite GTV on CT, a virtual sphere was generated at the epicenter of the GTV. The GTV from CT (V_GTVCT]) and MRI (V_GTVMR]) and the expanded GTV from MRI (V_+GTVMR]) considering geometrical registration error were defined. The underestimation (uncovered VCT] by VMR]) and the overestimation (excessive VMR] by VCT]) were calculated. Through a paired T-test, the difference between image registration techniques was analyzed.For methodA], the underestimation rates of V_GTVMR] and V_+GTVMR] were 16.4 ± 8.9% and 3.2 ± 3.7%, and the overestimation rates were 16.6 ± 8.7% and 28.4 ± 10.3%, respectively. For V_GTVMR] and V_+GTVMR], the underestimation rates and overestimation rates of methodA] were better than methodC]. The underestimation rates and overestimation rates of the V_GTVMR] were better in methodB] than methodC]. By image registration and additional margin, about 97% of HCC could be covered. MethodA] or methodB] could be recommended according to physician preference.