先秦时代对野生生物资源的管理及其生态学的认识

野生生物资源是可再生的,如利用管理合理,可以永续满足人类需求,反之它将被破坏并不能恢复。这是应用生态学上一个重要问题。先秦时代古人对利用与管理这类资源的原理与措施,均有一定的认识。 1.古文献中可反映出由破坏到保护与管理生物资源的过程。 2.管理的措施如下:1)设置官吏,专司管理山林、沼泽和鱼、鸟、兽等;2)建立制度以管理自然资源,特别是在一年内规定伐期、猎期、渔期等。 3.这些措施是以生态学知识为基础的,既涉及个体生态学又涉及群体生态学。古文献中记录了许多动,植物的栖息地、行为和繁殖等。生物群落及食物链的概念更为宝贵,虽然,这些记录是简单的、朴素的。

NOTES ON THE MANAGEMENT OF WILD BIOTIC RESOURCES AND THEIR ECOLOGY IN CHINESE ANCIENT TIME BEFORE QIN-DYNASTY

The wild biotic resources are renewable and can be made to meet the human needs permanently by rationally utilizing and managing them, otherwise they would be destroyed and never be recovered. This is an important problem in applied ecology. Some principles and measures in using and managing the resources were known by the ancient Chinese before Qin-dynasty, i. e. 2200 years ago. This paper deals with some recognitions of this question, as found below:1. The old records reflect the processes from destroying...