Perspective: Evolution and detection of genetic robustness |
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| Authors: | de Visser J Arjan G M Hermisson Joachim Wagner Günter P Ancel Meyers Lauren Bagheri-Chaichian Homayoun Blanchard Jeffrey L Chao Lin Cheverud James M Elena Santiago F Fontana Walter Gibson Greg Hansen Thomas F Krakauer David Lewontin Richard C Ofria Charles Rice Sean H von Dassow George Wagner Andreas Whitlock Michael C |
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| Institution: | Department of Genetics, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands;Department of Genetics, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail:;Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Luisenstr 14, 80333 Munich Germany;Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Luisenstr 14, 80333 Munich Germany E-mail:;Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106;Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712;Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501;National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501;University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC, Avenida de los Naranjos, 46022 Valencia, Spain;Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695;Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306;Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Population Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48324;Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250;Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Abstract Robustness is the invariance of phenotypes in the face of perturbation. The robustness of phenotypes appears at various levels of biological organization, including gene expression, protein folding, metabolic flux, physiological homeostasis, development, and even organismal fitness. The mechanisms underlying robustness are diverse, ranging from thermodynamic stability at the RNA and protein level to behavior at the organismal level. Phenotypes can be robust either against heritable perturbations (e.g., mutations) or nonheritable perturbations (e.g., the weather). Here we primarily focus on the first kind of robustness–genetic robustness–and survey three growing avenues of research: (1) measuring genetic robustness in nature and in the laboratory; (2) understanding the evolution of genetic robustness; and (3) exploring the implications of genetic robustness for future evolution. |
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| Keywords: | Canalization environmental robustness epistasis evolvability genetic robustness |
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