Marine carbonate facies in response to climate and nutrient level: The upper carboniferous and permian of central spitsbergen (Svalbard) |
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Authors: | Heiko Hüneke Michael Joachimski Werner Buggisch Harald Lützner |
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Institution: | (1) Institute for Geological Sciences, University of Greifswald, Jahn-Strasse 17a, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany;(2) Institute for Geology, University of Erlangen, Schlossgarten 5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;(3) Institute for Geosciences, University of Jena, Burgweg 11, D-07749 Jena, Germany |
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Abstract: | Summary Carbonate-dominated successions of the Gipsdalen and Tempelfjorden Groups from Svalbard record a significant shift from Photozoan
to Heterozoan particle associations in neritic settings during the late Palaeozoic. During the Bashkirian, benthic particle
associations which included photoautotrophs such as phylloid algae (Chloroforam Association) characterised shallow subtidal
environments. Most depositional settings which endured siliciclastic terrestrial input exhibited poorly diversified associations
dominated by brachiopods, bryozoans and siliceous sponges (Bryonoderm Association). During the Moscovian to Asselian, highly
diversified associations typified by various calcareous green algae,Palaeoaplysina, Tubiphytes, fusulinids, smaller and encrusting foraminifers (Chloroforam Association) prevailed in carbonate sediments from supratidal
to shallow subtidal environments. During the Sakmarian and Early Artinskian, oolitic carbonate sands (Chloroforam Association)
typified intertidal flats, whereas shallow subtidal environments were occupied by moderately diversified associations with
fusulinids, smaller foraminifers, echinoderms and bryozoans (Bryonoderm-extended Association) and poorly diversified associations
with echinoderms, brachiopods and bryozoans (Bryonoderm Association). During the Late Artinskian to Kazanian, poorly diversified
associations characterised by brachiopods, echinoderms and bryozoans (Bryonoderm Association), and sponge-dominated associations
(Hyalosponge Association) reigned within siliceous carbonates of intertidal and shallow subtidal environments.
This trend is interpreted as a result of climatic cooling and fluctuations of prevailing levels of trophic resources within
shallow-water settings during the studied time period. While raised nutrient levels were restricted to near-shore settings
during the Bashkirian, steady mesotrophic conditions arose from the Sakmarian onward and increased to late Permian times. |
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Keywords: | Microfacies Photozoan and Heterozoan Caronates Climate Trophic Resources Northern Pangaea Spitsbergen (Svalbard) Upper Carboniferous Permian |
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