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Transportin-1 and Transportin-2: Protein nuclear import and beyond
Authors:Laure Twyffels,Cyril Gueydan,Vé  ronique Kruys
Affiliation:1. Laboratoire de Biologie moléculaire du gène (CP300), Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium;2. Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
Abstract:Nearly 20 years after its identification as a new β-karyopherin mediating the nuclear import of the RNA-binding protein hnRNP A1, Transportin-1 is still commonly overlooked in comparison with its best known cousin, Importin-β. Transportin-1 is nonetheless a considerable player in nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in the characterization of the nuclear localization signals (NLSs) that Transportin-1 recognizes, thereby providing the molecular basis of its diversified repertoire of cargoes. The recent discovery that mutations in the Transportin-dependent NLS of FUS cause mislocalization of this protein and result in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis illustrates the importance of Transportin-dependent import for human health. Besides, new functions of Transportin-1 are emerging in processes other than nuclear import. Here, we summarize what is known about Transportin-1 and the related β-karyopherin Transportin-2.
Keywords:hnRNP, heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein   NES, nuclear export signal   NLS, nuclear localization signal   NPC, nuclear pore complex   TRN-1, Transportin-1   TRN-2, Transportin-2
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