A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) |
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| Authors: | John M. Heraty Roger A. Burks Astrid Cruaud Gary A. P. Gibson Johan Liljeblad James Munro Jean‐Yves Rasplus Gerard Delvare Peter Janšta Alex Gumovsky John Huber James B. Woolley Lars Krogmann Steve Heydon Andrew Polaszek Stefan Schmidt D. Chris Darling Michael W. Gates Jason Mottern Elizabeth Murray Ana Dal Molin Serguei Triapitsyn Hannes Baur John D. Pinto Simon van Noort Jeremiah George Matthew Yoder |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Entomology, University of California, , Riverside, CA, 92521 USA;2. Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, , Columbus, OH, 43210 USA;3. INRA, UMR 1062 CBGP CS30016, , F‐34988 Montferrier‐sur‐Lez, France;4. Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, , Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6 Canada;5. Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, , SE‐750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;6. Institute for Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, , Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA;7. Cirad, INRA, UMR 1062 CBGP CS30016, , F‐34988 Montferrier‐sur‐Lez, France;8. Department of Zoology, Charles University, , CZ‐128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic;9. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, , Kiev, 30 01601 Ukraine;10. Natural Resources Canada, c/o Canadian National Collection of Insects, , Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6 Canada;11. Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, , College Station, TX, 77843 USA;12. Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, , 70191 Stuttgart, Germany;13. Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, , Davis, CA, 95616 USA;14. Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, , London, SW7 5BD UK;15. Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, Zoologische Staatssammlung, , 81247 Munich, Germany;16. Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, , Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6 Canada;17. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, , Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1 Canada;18. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, PSI, c/o National Museum of Natural History, , Washington, DC, 20013 USA;19. Abt. Wirbellose Tiere, Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, , Bernastrasse 15, 3005 Bern, Switzerland;20. , Waldport, OR, 97394 USA;21. Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum, , Cape Town, 8000 South Africa;22. Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, , Rondebosch, 7701 South Africa;23. Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, , Champaign, IL, 61820 USA |
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| Abstract: | Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) is extremely diverse with an estimated 500 000 species. We present the first phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily based on both morphological and molecular data. A web‐based, systematics workbench mx was used to score 945 character states illustrated by 648 figures for 233 morphological characters for a total of 66 645 observations for 300 taxa. The matrix covers 22 chalcidoid families recognized herein and includes 268 genera within 78 of 83 subfamilies. Morphological data were analysed alone and in combination with molecular data from ribosomal 18S (2105 bp) and 28S D2–D5 expansion regions (1812 bp). Analyses were analysed alone and in combined datasets using implied‐weights parsimony and likelihood. Proposed changes in higher classification resulting from the analyses include: (i) recognition of Eriaporidae, revised status; (ii) recognition of Cynipencyrtidae, revised status; (iii) recognition of Azotidae, revised status; (iv) inclusion of Sycophaginae in Agaonidae, revised status; (v) reclassification of Aphelinidae to include Aphelininae, Calesinae, Coccophaginae, Eretmocerinae and Eriaphytinae; (vi) inclusion of Cratominae and Panstenoninae within Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae), new synonymy; (vii) inclusion of Epichrysomallinae in Pteromalidae, revised status. At a higher level, Chalcidoidea was monophyletic, with Mymaridae the sister group of Rotoitidae plus the remaining Chalcidoidea. A eulophid lineage was recovered that included Aphelinidae, Azotidae, Eulophidae, Signiphoridae, Tetracampidae and Trichogrammatidae. Eucharitidae and Perilampidae were monophyletic if Eutrichosomatinae (Pteromalidae) was included, and Eupelmidae was monophyletic if Oodera (Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae) was included. Likelihood recovered a clade of Eupelmidae + (Tanaostigmatidae + (Cynipencyrtus + Encyrtidae). Support for other lineages and their impact on the classification of Chalcidoidea is discussed. Several life‐history traits are mapped onto the new phylogeny. |
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