Systems healthcare: a holistic paradigm for tomorrow |
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Authors: | Massimo S. Fiandaca Mark Mapstone Elenora Connors Mireille Jacobson Edwin S. Monuki Shaista Malik Fabio Macciardi Howard J. Federoff |
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Affiliation: | 1.Department of Neurology, School of Medicine,Irvine,USA;2.Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine,Irvine,USA;3.Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine,Irvine,USA;4.Public Health Institute,Washington,USA;5.Department of Economics, Paul Merage School of Business,Irvine,USA;6.Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine,Irvine,USA;7.Department of Medicine, School of Medicine,Irvine,USA;8.Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, School of Medicine,Irvine,USA;9.University of California Irvine (UCI),Irvine,USA |
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Abstract: | Systems healthcare is a holistic approach to health premised on systems biology and medicine. The approach integrates data from molecules, cells, organs, the individual, families, communities, and the natural and man-made environment. Both extrinsic and intrinsic influences constantly challenge the biological networks associated with wellness. Such influences may dysregulate networks and allow pathobiology to evolve, resulting in early clinical presentation that requires astute assessment and timely intervention for successful mitigation. Herein, we describe the components of relevant biological systems and the nature of progression from at-risk to manifest disease. We illustrate the systems approach by examining two relevant clinical examples: Alzheimer’s and cardiovascular diseases. The implications of systems healthcare management are examined through the lens of economics, ethics, policy and the law. Finally, we propose the need to develop new educational paradigms to enhance the training of the health professional in an era of systems medicine. |
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