Analysis of the role of protein phosphorylation in the development of diseases

During recent decades significant progress in studies of the molecular basis of socially significant diseases has been achieved due to introduction of high-throughput methods of genomics and proteomics. Numerous studies, performed within the global program “Human Proteome,” were aimed at identifying all possible proteins in various (including cancer) cell cultures and tissues. One of the aims was to identify socalled biomarkers—the proteins, specific for certain pathologies. However, many studies have shown that the development of the disease is not associated with appearance of new proteins, but it depends on the expression level of certain genes or specific proteoforms representing splice variants, single amino acid polymorphism (SAP) and post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins. PTMs can play a key role in the development of pathology, because they activate various regulatory or structural proteins in most cellular processes. Among such modifications, phosphorylation appears to be the most significant PTM. This review considers methods of analysis of protein phosphorylation used in studies of the molecular basis of oncological diseases; it contains examples illustrating contribution of modified proteins directly involved in their development as well as examples of screening of such crucial PTMs in diagnostics and selection of methods for treatment.