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Effectiveness of ladybirds as biological control agents: Patterns and processes |
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| Authors: | A. F. G. Dixon J. -L. Hemptinne P. Kindlmann |
| Affiliation: | 1. School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UK 2. Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de la Communauté Fran?aise, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium 3. Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia and Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovská 31, 37005, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic |
| Abstract: | Aphidophagous species of ladybirds have generally proved ineffective biocontrol agents, whereas many coccidophagous species have proved very effective, especiallyRodolia cardinalis (Caltagirone & Doutt, 1989). Two hypotheses have been proposed to account for this pattern: the optimum food utilization/satiation hypothesis (Mills, 1982) and the generation time ratio hypothesis (Kindlmann & Dixon, 1996). In this paper the extensive literature on ladybirds is used to test these hypotheses. |
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