The dental calculus metabolome in modern and historic samples |
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| Authors: | Irina M Velsko Katherine A Overmyer Camilla Speller Lauren Klaus Matthew J Collins Louise Loe Laurent A F Frantz Krithivasan Sankaranarayanan Jr" target="_blank">Cecil M LewisJr Juan Bautista Rodriguez Martinez Eros Chaves Joshua J Coon Greger Larson Christina Warinner |
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| Institution: | 1.The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK;2.Genome Center of Wisconsin,University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison,USA;3.BioArCh, Department of Archaeology,University of York,York,UK;4.Department of Periodontics,University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center,Oklahoma,USA;5.Museum of Natural History,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark;6.Heritage Burial Services,Oxford Archaeology,Oxford,UK;7.School of Biological and Chemical Sciences,Queen Mary University of London,London,UK;8.Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology,University of Oklahoma,Norman,USA;9.Department of Anthropology,University of Oklahoma,Norman,USA;10.Dental Office Dr. Juan Bautista Rodriguez,Pozo Alcon,Jaén,Spain;11.Departments of Chemistry and Biomolecular Chemistry,University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison,USA;12.Morgridge Institute for Research,Madison,USA;13.Department of Archaeogenetics,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History,Jena,Germany;14.Department of Biological Sciences,Clemson University,Clemson,USA;15.Pinellas Dental Specialties,Largo,USA |
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| Abstract: | IntroductionDental calculus is a mineralized microbial dental plaque biofilm that forms throughout life by precipitation of salivary calcium salts. Successive cycles of dental plaque growth and calcification make it an unusually well-preserved, long-term record of host-microbial interaction in the archaeological record. Recent studies have confirmed the survival of authentic ancient DNA and proteins within historic and prehistoric dental calculus, making it a promising substrate for investigating oral microbiome evolution via direct measurement and comparison of modern and ancient specimens.ObjectiveWe present the first comprehensive characterization of the human dental calculus metabolome using a multi-platform approach.MethodsUltra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) quantified 285 metabolites in modern and historic (200 years old) dental calculus, including metabolites of drug and dietary origin. A subset of historic samples was additionally analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography–MS (GC–MS) and UPLC–MS/MS for further characterization of metabolites and lipids. Metabolite profiles of modern and historic calculus were compared to identify patterns of persistence and loss.ResultsDipeptides, free amino acids, free nucleotides, and carbohydrates substantially decrease in abundance and ubiquity in archaeological samples, with some exceptions. Lipids generally persist, and saturated and mono-unsaturated medium and long chain fatty acids appear to be well-preserved, while metabolic derivatives related to oxidation and chemical degradation are found at higher levels in archaeological dental calculus than fresh samples.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that certain metabolite classes have higher potential for recovery over long time scales and may serve as appropriate targets for oral microbiome evolutionary studies. |
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