Assemblage and interaction structure of the anemonefish-anemone mutualism across the Manado region of Sulawesi,Indonesia |
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Authors: | Francesco Ricciardi Massimo Boyer Jeff Ollerton |
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Institution: | 1.Department of Biology,University of Padova,Padova,Italy;2.DiSMaR. Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare,Università Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy;3.Landscape and Biodiversity Research Group, School of Science and Technology,University of Northampton,Northampton,UK |
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Abstract: | The Manado area (Indonesia–North Sulawesi), a marine high diversity hot-spot, hosts 7 species of anemonefish (family Pomacentridae,
subfamily Amphiprioniae) living in symbiosis with 9 species of sea anemones (family Stichodactylidae and Actiniidae). This
high biological diversity −27% and 80%, respectively, of the total known diversity of anemonefish and sea anemones—allows
us to test different hypotheses focused on the obligate mutualism between anemonefish and sea anemones. In the Manado area,
species richness of anemones and anemonefish across several sites was not correlated, but all anemones contained at least
one fish individual, and there was a strong positive correlation between the numbers of individual anemonefish and anemones.
As expected, each fish species had a preferred anemone host; also a partial niche overlap (Pianka’s Index) was often detected.
The analysis of unique species composition suggests that competition is not an important factor determining the presence or
absence of particular combinations of either anemonefish or host anemones (no evidence of competitive exclusion). The NODF
algorithm showed that, at both a regional and local scale, the interaction between anemonefish and host anemones is not significantly
nested, as a result of a combination of local conditions with competition, forcing species that regionally are more generalist
to become more specialist. |
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