Remains of woody plants from Saouga, a medieval west African village

Charcoal, fruits and seeds of woody plants have been studied from a settlement mound in the Sahel of Burkina Faso. The archaeobotanical results provide information on economy and environmental conditions at the periphery of the medieval kingdom of Songhai at around 1000 A.D. Millet (Penniselum americanum) was the basic crop, cultivated in fields in which also grew useful trees (park savannas). Besides millet, fruits of the park savanna trees and other wild woody plants were an important part of the diet. Stratigraphical changes in the charcoal diagram indicate that millet production was intensified and the park savanna system established in the course of mound formation. The charcoal results show that the vegetation around 1000 A.D. was more diverse than today, containing many Sahelo-Sudanian elements which cannot be found in the area any more. This indicates slightly higher precipitation than today but also less severe human impact.