Temporal expression profile of CXC chemokines in serum of patients with spinal cord injury |
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Authors: | Gholamhossein Hassanshahi Masoud Amin Anandakumar Shunmugavel Reza Vazirinejad Alireza Vakilian Mojtaba Sanji Ali Shamsizadeh Houshang RafatPanah Nahide Masood Poor Seyyed Reza Moosavi Saeid Taheri |
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Affiliation: | 1. Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran;2. Neurosurgery Department, Ali-ebne Abitaleb Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran;3. Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;4. Department of Social Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran;5. Neurology Department, Ali-ebne Abitaleb Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran;6. Physiology, Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran;g Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;h Pediatrics Department, Ali-ebne Abitaleb Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran;i Neurosciences Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA |
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Abstract: | Chemokines, a subclass of cytokine superfamily have both pro-inflammatory and migratory role and serve as chemoattractant of immune cells during the inflammatory responses ensuing spinal cord injury (SCI). The chemokines, especially CXCL-1, CXCL-9, CXCL-10 and CXCL-12 contribute significant part in the inflammatory secondary damage of SCI. Inhibiting chemokine’s activity and thereby the secondary damage cascades has been suggested as a chemokine-targeted therapeutic approach to SCI. To optimize the inhibition of secondary injury through targeted chemokine therapy, accurate knowledge about the temporal profile of these cytokines following SCI is required. Hence, the present study was planned to determine the serum levels of CXCL-1, CXCL-9, CXCL-10 and CXCL-12 at 3–6 h, 7 and 28 days and 3 m after SCI in male and female SCI patients (n = 78) and compare with age- and sex-matched patients with non-spinal cord injuries (NSCI, n = 70) and healthy volunteers (n = 100). ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analysis was used to determine the differences between the groups. The data from the present study show that the serum level of CXCL-1, CXCL-9 and CXCL-10 peaked on day 7 post-SCI and then declined to the control level. In contrast, significantly elevated level of CXCL-12 persisted for 28 days post SCI. In addition, post-SCI expression of CXCL-12 was found to be sex-dependent. Male SCI patients expressed significantly higher CXCL-12 when compared to control and SCI female. We did not observe any change in chemokines level of NSCI. Further, the age of the patients did not influence chemokines expression after SCI. These observations along with SCI-induced CSF-chemokine level should contribute to the identification of selective and temporal chemokine targeted therapy after SCI. |
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Keywords: | Spinal cord injury Neuroinflammation Chemokines Secondary injury |
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