Element interactions in forest ecosystems: succession,allometry and input-output budgets |
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Authors: | Peter M Vitousek Timothy Fahey Dale W Johnson Michael J Swift |
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Institution: | (1) Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;(2) Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;(3) Environmental Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;(4) Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe |
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Abstract: | Element interactions within forests differ from those in other major ecosystems for three major reasons: — a greater allocation of carbon to structural material; — a greater element storage within biomass; and — the diversity of carbon- and nutrient-containing metabolites produced. The most important of these differences is structural material, which can lead to C: element ratios in biomass (as a whole) 100 × greater than those in unicellular organisms. Stand allometry causes the amount of carbon stored and C:element ratios in biomass to change in predictable ways in the course of secondary succession. Such changes affect microbial dynamics and C: element interactions within soils. Bicarbonate, organic acids, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate are major anions within forest soils: they control leaching of both anions and cations. Biotic interactions of C, N, P, and S during both uptake and mineralization control the potential for production of these anions within forests, and geochemical interactions regulate their mobility and loss. |
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Keywords: | climate soil fertility succession element ratios anions decomposition |
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