Sulfuretin from heartwood of Rhus verniciflua triggers apoptosis through activation of Fas, Caspase-8, and the mitochondrial death pathway in HL-60 human leukemia cells

Sulfuretin, a flavonoid isolated from heartwood of Rhus verniciflua, has been reported to have anti-cancer activities but the underlying molecular mechanism was not clear. In this study, sulfuretin induced apoptosis by activating caspases-8, -9, and -3 as well as cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Furthermore, treatment with sulfuretin caused mitochondrial dysfunctions, including the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m)), the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the translocations of Bax and tBid. Sulfuretin also activated the extrinsic apoptosis pathway, that is, it increased the expressions of Fas and FasL, the activation of caspase-8, and the cleavage of Bid. Furthermore, blocking the FasL-Fas interaction with NOK-1 monoclonal antibody prevented the sulfuretin-induced apoptosis. The therapeutical effect of sulfuretin in leukemia is due to its potent apoptotic activity through the extrinsic pathway driven by a Fas-mediated caspase-8-dependent pathway.