More evidence for pervasive paraphyly in scleractinian corals: Systematic study of Southeast Asian Faviidae (Cnidaria; Scleractinia) based on molecular and morphological data |
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| Authors: | Danwei Huang Rudolf Meier Peter A Todd Loke Ming Chou |
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| Institution: | 1. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0208, USA;2. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore 117543, Singapore;1. Dept. of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy;2. MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives;3. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR227 CoReUs2, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, BP A5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia;1. Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;2. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia;3. College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia;4. Marine Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA;5. Department of Biological Sciences & Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore;6. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark;7. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;8. University of Hawaii, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology 46-007 Lilipuna Rd, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA;1. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117558, Singapore;2. Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 119227, Singapore;1. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore;2. Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119227, Singapore;1. Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;2. Biodiversity Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan;3. Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;4. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia;5. UMR ENTROPIE (IRD, Université de La Réunion, CNRS), Laboratoire d’excellence-CORAIL, centre IRD de Nouméa, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, BP A5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia;6. Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Coral taxonomy and systematics continue to be plagued by a host of problems. Due to high phenotypic variability within species, morphological approaches have often failed to recognize natural taxa, and molecular techniques have yet to be applied to many groups. Here, we summarize the levels of paraphyly found for scleractinian corals and test, based on new data, whether paraphyly is also a significant problem in Faviidae, the second-most speciose hermatypic scleractinian family. Using both DNA sequence and morphological data we find that, regardless of analysis technique (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian likelihood), many conventional taxonomic groups are not monophyletic. Based on two mitochondrial markers (COI and a noncoding region) that we amplified for 81 samples representing 41 faviid species and 13 genera, five genera that are represented by more than one species are paraphyletic, as is the family Faviidae. The morphological characters currently used to identify these corals similarly fail to recover many genera. Furthermore, trees based on both data types are incongruent, and total evidence analysis does little to salvage conventional taxonomic groupings. Morphological convergence, phenotypic variability in response to the environment, and recent speciation are likely causes for these conflicts, which suggest that the present classification of corals is in need of a major overhaul. We propose more detailed studies of problematic faviid taxa using standardized morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear genetic markers to facilitate combining of data. |
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