Pronounced phylogeographic structure on a small spatial scale: Geomorphological evolution and lineage history in the salamander ring species Ensatina eschscholtzii in central coastal California |
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| Authors: | Shawn R Kuchta Duncan S Parks David B Wake |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA;2. Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA;3. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA;1. University of Nevada Las Vegas, Marjorie Barrick Museum of Natural History, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA;2. Center for the Conservation of Biological Resources, School of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, SD 57799, USA;1. Departamento de Geografía, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;2. Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;3. Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie – Botanik, Berlin, Germany;4. Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;5. Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne, Geopolis, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;1. The Committee on Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.;2. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, U.S.A.;1. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 1258 Windemere Avenue, Naperville, IL 60564, USA;2. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., PO Box 340317, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;1. Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 502 Wartik Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA;2. Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA |
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| Abstract: | The salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii is a classic example of a ring species, and has an intricate biogeographic history. Within a part of the ring distribution, earlier work using allozymes disclosed high levels of genetic structure in central coastal California, where the subspecies oregonensis, xanthoptica, and eschscholtzii meet. We used mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences to further examine patterns of divergence in this area, including data from 155 localities (309 individuals). Our focus is on the documentation of population-level haplotype lineages. We show that oregonensis is represented by two unrelated, phenotypically similar clades, both of which possess substantial substructure of their own. The subspecies xanthoptica includes two lineages that differ in phenotype, one of which has colonized the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The subspecies eschscholtzii occurs mainly to the south, but some populations from a northern lineage extend into the Monterey Bay region, where they approach xanthoptica geographically. In sum, populations in the central coastal California region form a distributional patchwork, including three subspecies, three clades (which differ from the three subspecies), and ten haplotype lineages. We conclude that such striking levels of phylogeographic structure reflect interspersed episodes of spatial fragmentation, in part driven by the complex geomorphological evolution of the California Coast Range system. |
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