Bisphenol A induces apoptosis and G2-to-M arrest of ovarian granulosa cells

We investigated the impact of bisphenol A (BPA) on murine ovarian granulosa cells. Ovarian granulosa cells were cultured with 100 fM to 100 microM BPA for 24 h to 72 h. BPA decreased granulosa cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The lowest concentration that induced a significant decrease was 100 pM (89.2 +/- 4.0% of the control). TUNEL analysis demonstrated that treatment with BPA increased apoptosis of granulosa cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, flow cytometry analyses revealed that treatment with BPA resulted in G2-to-M arrest, which was most prominent at 48 h. BPA increased the expression of Bax and concomitantly decreased the expression of Bcl2 at both protein and mRNA levels of granulosa cells. These findings suggest that low, presumably environmentally relevant doses of BPA, decrease the viability of granulosa cells by inducing apoptosis and G2-to-M arrest. Up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl2 were suggested to be involved in this apoptotic effect.