Interactions among Ca2+, Na+ and K+ in salinity toxicity: quantitative resolution of multiple toxic and ameliorative effects |
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Authors: | Kinraide T |
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Institution: | Appalachia Farming Systems Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beaver, WV 25813-9423, USA. E-mail: tkinraide@afsrc.ars.usda.gov |
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Abstract: | Root elongation by wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum
L. cv. Scout 66) was not inhibited by NaCl or KCl up to 130 mM in culture
solutions or by high Na+ (2 mg
g-1 FW) or K+ (4 mg
g-1 FW) in the root tissue, provided that
Ca2+]>2 mM in the rooting medium. At NaCl],
KCl], or mannitol] >250 mOs, root elongation was progressively
inhibited, irrespective of high Ca2+]. In contrast,
shoot elongation was sensitive to any diminution of water potential, and
Ca2+ alleviated the toxicity only weakly. At solute
concentrations <250 mOs, the following interactions were observed.
Ca2+ alleviated Na+ and
K+ toxicity to roots by at least three separate
mechanisms. K+ was more toxic to roots than
Na+, but Na+ was more toxic
to shoots. Low levels of K+ relieved
Na+ toxicity, but low levels of
Na+ enhanced K+ toxicity.
Tissue concentrations of Na+ were reduced by
Ca2+ and K+ in the rooting
medium, and tissue concentrations of K+ were
enhanced by Ca2+ and Na+.
Several hypotheses relating to salinity toxicity can be evaluated, at least
for wheat seedlings. The osmoticant hypotheses (salinity intoxication
occurs because of diminished water potential) is true for shoots at all
salinity levels, but is true for roots only at high salinity. The
Ca2+-displacement hypothesis
(Na+ is toxic because it displaced
Ca2+ from the cell surface) is correct, but often of
minor importance. The K+-depletion hypothesis
(Na+ is toxic because it causes a loss of
K+ from plant tissues) is false. The
Cl--toxicity hypothesis (the apparent toxicity of
Na+ is induced by associated
Cl-) is false. The results indicate that, apart from
osmotic effects, high levels of Na+ in the rooting
medium and in the tissues are not toxic unless Ca2+
is also deficient, a condition probably leading to inadequate
compartmentation and excessive cytoplasmic accumulation. This study related
growth to ion activities at plasma-membrane surfaces. These activities were
computed by a Gouy-Chapman-Stern model then incorporated into non-linear
growth models for growth versus toxicants and ameliorants.Key
words: Calcium, potassium, salinity, sodium, toxicity
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