Wall thickness of gas- and marrow-filled avian long bones: measurements on humeri, femora and tibiotarsi in crows (Corvus corone cornix) and magpies (Pica pica) |
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| Authors: | Suhai Bence Gasparik Mihály Csorba Gábor Gerics Balázs Horváth Gábor |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1, Hungary;2. Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1431 Budapest, P.O.B. 137, Hungary;3. Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Ludovika tér 2, Hungary;4. Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, H-1078 Budapest, István u. 2, Hungary;1. Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Vertebrates, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany;2. Institute for Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Weyertal 125, D-50923 Köln, Germany;3. Kommission für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Dürenstraße 35-37, D-53173 Bonn, Germany;4. Institut National des Sciences de l''Archéologie et du Patrimoine (INSAP), Hay Riad, Madinat Al Irfane, Angle rues 5 et 7, Rabat-Instituts, 10 000 Rabat, Morocco;1. Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E - bus 2409, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “A. Desio”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, I-20133 Milano, Italy;1. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina;2. CONICET, Cátedra de Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Street 64, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina;4. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP)- CONICET, Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina;1. Laboratoire TRACES, CNRS, UMR 5608, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France;2. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UMR 7209, Paris, France;3. Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives [INRAP], Nîmes, France;4. Institut Français d’Afrique du Sud [IFAS], Johannesburg, South Africa;5. UMR 5140 Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes, Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, France |
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| Abstract: | We studied how the ratio K of the internal to external diameter of gas- and marrow-filled avian long bones follows the biomechanical optima derived for tubular bones with minimum mass designed to fulfil various mechanical requirements. We evaluated radiographs of numerous humeri, femora and tibiotarsi in Corvus corone cornix and Pica pica. The K-values of the gas-filled humerus (K=0.78+/-0.03) and the marrow-filled femur (K=0.79+/-0.02) in Corvus are practically the same, while K of the marrow-filled tibiotarsus (K=0.71+/-0.04) is significantly smaller. The same is true for the gas-filled humerus (K=0.78+/-0.02) and the marrow-filled femur (K=0.77+/-0.02) and tibiotarsus (K=0.67+/-0.05) in Pica. K in Corvus is slightly larger than K in Pica, but the differences are statistically not significant. The standard deviation DeltaK of the tibiotarsi (DeltaK=0.04-0.05) is approximately two times as large as that of the humeri (DeltaK=0.02-0.03) and femora (DeltaK=0.02) in both species. Accepting the assumption of earlier authors that the ratio Q of the marrow to bone density is 0.5, our data show that the marrow-filled tibiotarsi of Corvus and Pica are optimized for stiffness, while the marrow-filled femora are far from any optimum. The relative wall thickness W=1-K of the gas-filled avian humeri studied is much larger than the theoretical optimum W*=1-K*=0.07, and thus these bones are thicker-walled than the optimal gas-filled tubular bone with minimum mass. |
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