The active and passive ciliary motion in the embryo node: A computational fluid dynamics model |
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| Authors: | Duanduan Chen Dominic Norris Yiannis Ventikos |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Fluidics and Biocomplexity Group & Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK;2. MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK;1. Paris Descartes University, Rheumatology department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France;2. Rheumatology Department, Vand?uvre-lès-Nancy, France;3. Maastricht University, Internal Medicine/Rheumatology Department, Maastricht, The Netherlands;1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, China;2. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany;3. Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany;4. Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany;5. Fluidics and Biocomplexity Group, Department of Engineering, Science & Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, UK;6. Institute for Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland;1. Aston University, Life and Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Birmingham, United Kingdom;2. Optimec Limited, Malvern, United Kingdom;3. Aston University, Engineering and Applied Sciences, AIPT, Birmingham, United Kingdom;1. Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan;2. Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan;3. Institute of Embryology, Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain;4. Division of Internal Medicine, Iwamizawa Asuka Hospital, Iwamizawa, Japan;1. Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China;2. College of Physics and Information Engineering, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China;3. Department of Nephrology and Medicine, the 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Fuzhou, 350000, China;4. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA |
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| Abstract: | The breaking of left–right symmetry in the mammalian embryo is believed to occur in a transient embryonic structure, the node, when cilia create a leftward flow of liquid. The two-cilia hypothesis proposes that the node contains two kinds of primary cilia: motile cilia that rotate autonomously to generate the leftward fluid flow and passive cilia that act as mechano-sensors, responding to flow. While studies support this hypothesis, the mechanism by which the sensory cilia respond to the fluid flow is still unclear. In this paper, we present a computational model of two cilia, one active and one passive. By employing computational fluid dynamics, deformable mesh computational techniques and fluid–structure interaction analysis, and solving the three-dimensional unsteady transport equations, we study the flow pattern produced by the movement of the active cilium and the response of the passive cilium to this flow. Our results reveal that clockwise rotation of the active cilium can generate a counter-clockwise elliptical rotation and overall lateral displacement for its neighboring passive one, of measurable magnitude and consistent pattern. This supports the plausibility of the two-cilia hypothesis and helps quantify the motion pattern for the passive cilium induced by this regional flow. |
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