Biomechanical properties of the mandibular condylar cartilage and their relevance to the TMJ disc |
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| Authors: | M Singh MS Detamore |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 4088 Postle Hall 305 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;2. Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA;3. Injury Biomechanics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;2. Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;3. Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA;4. Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA;6. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;5. Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA;1. Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni?, Serbia;2. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni?, Serbia;3. Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni?, Serbia;4. Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni?, Serbia;5. Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Ni?, Serbia;6. Faculty of Stomatology Pan?evo, University Business Academy, Novi Sad, Serbia;1. Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Spain;2. Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan;1. Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil;2. Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil;3. Faculty of Medicine, Arthur Sá Earp Neto Faculty, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Mandibular condylar cartilage plays a crucial role in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function, which includes facilitating articulation with the TMJ disc, reducing loads on the underlying bone, and contributing to bone remodeling. To improve our understanding of the TMJ function in normal and pathological situations, accurate and validated three-dimensional (3-D) finite element models (FEMs) of the human TMJ may serve as valuable diagnostic tools as well as predictors of thresholds for tissue damage resulting from parafunctional activities and trauma. In this context, development of reliable biomechanical standards for condylar cartilage is crucial. Moreover, biomechanical characteristics of the native tissue are important design parameters for creating functional tissue-engineered replacements. Towards these goals, biomechanical characteristics of the condylar cartilage have been reviewed here, highlighting the structure–function correlations. Structurally, condylar cartilage, like the TMJ disc, exhibits zonal and topographical heterogeneity. Early structural investigations of the condylar cartilage have suggested that the tissue possesses a somewhat transversely isotropic orientation of collagen fibers in the fibrous zone. However, recent tensile and shear evaluations have reported a higher stiffness of the tissue in the anteroposterior direction than in the mediolateral direction, corresponding to an anisotropic fiber orientation comparable to the TMJ disc. In a few investigations, condylar cartilage under compression was found to be stiffer anteriorly than posteriorly. As with the TMJ disc, further compressive characterization is warranted. To draw inferences for human tissue using animal models, establishing stiffness–thickness correlations and regional evaluation of proteoglycan/glycosaminoglycan content may be essential. Efforts directed from the biomechanics community for the characterization of TMJ tissues will facilitate the development of reliable and accurate 3-D FEMs of the human TMJ. |
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